The antiviral effect of Gene-Eden

Gene-Eden includes a few ingredients. Laboratory and clinical studies showed that these ingredients have an antiviral effect. Some of these studies are listed below.

1. Cinnamon

2. Quercetin

3. Catechins

4. Licorice

5. Selenium

1. Cinnamon extract

The active compounds in cinnamon are cinnamaldehyde, terpenoids, eugenol, ethyl cinnamate, and others. Many studies showed that these compounds have a strong antiviral effect.

References:

Wen CC, Kuo YH, Jan JT, Liang PH, Wang SY, Liu HG, Lee CK, Chang ST, Kuo CJ, Lee SS, Hou CC, Hsiao PW, Chien SC, Shyur LF, Yang NS. Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Med Chem. 2007, 23;50(17):4087-95.

Benencia F, Courreges MC. In vitro and in vivo activity of eugenol on human herpesvirus. Phytother Res. 2000 Nov;14(7):495-500.

Orihara Y, Hamamoto H, Kasuga H, Shimada T, Kawaguchi Y, Sekimizu K., A ilkworm baculovirus model for assessing the therapeutic effects of antiviral compounds: characterization and application to the isolation of antivirals from traditional medicines. J Gen Virol. 2008;89(Pt 1):188-94.

Chiang LC, Ng LT, Cheng PW, Chiang W, Lin CC. Antiviral activities of extracts and selected pure constituents of Ocimum basilicum. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005 Oct;32(10):811-6.

Hayashi K, Imanishi N, Kashiwayama Y, Kawano A, Terasawa K, Shimada Y, Ochiai H. Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from Cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza A/PR/8 virus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res. 2007 Apr;74(1):1-8. Epub 2007 Jan 26.

Kobayashi Y, Watanabe M, Ogihara J, Kato J, Oishi K. Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by methanol extracts of commercial herbs and spices. Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogaku Kaishi. 2000;47(8): 642-645.

Premanathan M, Rajendran S, Ramanathan T, Kathiresan K, Nakashima H, Yamamoto N. A survey of some Indian medicinal plants for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. Indian J Med Res. 2000 Sep;112:73-7.

Rees CR, Costin JM, Fink RC, McMichael M, Fontaine KA, Isern S, Michael SF. In vitro inhibition of dengue virus entry by p-sulfoxy-cinnamic acid and structurally related combinatorial chemistries. Antiviral Res. 2008 Nov;80(2):135-42. Epub 2008 Jun 13.

Motohashi N, Yamagami C, Tokuda H, Okuda Y, Ichiishi E, Mukainaka T, Nishino H, Saito Y. Structure-activity relationship in potentially anti-tumor promoting benzalacetone derivatives, as assayed by the epstein-barr virus early antigen activation. Mutat Res. 2000 Jan 24;464(2):247-54.

Tragoolpua Y, Jatisatienr A. Anti-herpes simplex virus activities of Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & S. G. Harrison and essential oil, eugenol. Phytother Res. 2007 Dec;21(12):1153-8.

Bourne KZ, Bourne N, Reising SF, Stanberry LR. Plant products as topical microbicide candidates: assessment of in vitro and in vivo activity against herpes simplex virus type 2. Antiviral Res. 1999 Jul;42(3):219-26.

Ovadia M, Kalily I, Bernstein E. Cinnamon Fraction Neutralizes Avian Influenza H5N1 Both In Vitro and In Vivo. Antiviral Res. 2009 May; 82(2): A35.

2. Quercetin

Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid, specifically a flavonol, found in capers (1800 mg/kg), lovage (1700 mg/kg), apples (440 mg/kg), tea (Camellia sinensis), onion, especially red onion (higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings), red grapes, citrus fruit, tomato, broccoli and other leafy green vegetables, and a number of berries including cherry, raspberry, bog whortleberry (158 mg/kg, fresh weight), lingonberry (cultivated 74 mg/kg, wild 146 mg/kg), cranberry (cultivated 83 mg/kg, wild 121 mg/kg), chokeberry (89 mg/kg), sweet rowan (85 mg/kg), rowanberry (63 mg/kg), sea buckthorn berry (62 mg/kg), crowberry (cultivated 53 mg/kg, wild 56 mg/kg), and the fruit of the prickly pear cactus.

The following are some of the studies that showed the antiviral effect of quercetin.

References:

Wu LL, Yang XB, Huang ZM, Liu HZ, Wu GX. In vivo and in vitro antiviral activity of hyperoside extracted from Abelmoschus manihot (L) medik. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2007; 28 (3): 404-9.

Lucas HJ, Brauch CM, Settas L, Theoharides TC. Fibromyalgia--new concepts of pathogenesis and treatment. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2006 Jan-Mar;19(1):5-10.

Yu YB, Miyashiro H, Nakamura N, Hattori M, Park JC. Effects of triterpenoids and flavonoids isolated from Alnus firma on HIV-1 viral enzymes. Arch Pharm Res. 2007 Jul;30(7):820-6.

Iwase Y, Takemura Y, Ju-ichi M, Mukainaka T, Ichiishi E, Ito C, Furukawa H, Yano M, Tokuda H, Nishino H. Inhibitory effect of flavonoid derivatives on Epstein-Barr virus activation and two-stage carcinogenesis of skin tumors. Cancer Lett. 2001 Nov 28;173(2):105-9.

Arena A, Bisignano G, Pavone B, Tomaino A, Bonina FP, Saija A, Cristani M, D'Arrigo M, Trombetta D. Antiviral and immunomodulatory effect of a lyophilized extract of Capparis spinosa L. buds. Phytother Res. 2008 Mar;22(3):313-7.

Chiang LC, Chiang W, Liu MC, Lin CC. In vitro antiviral activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its related flavonoids. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Aug;52(2):194-8. Epub 2003 Jul 1.

Davis JM, Murphy EA, McClellan JL, Carmichael MD, Gangemi JD. Quercetin reduces susceptibility to influenza infection following stressful exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008 Aug;295(2):R505-9. Epub 2008 Jun 25.

Choi HJ, Kim JH, Lee CH, Ahn YJ, Song JH, Baek SH, Kwon DH. Antiviral activity of quercetin 7-rhamnoside against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Antiviral Res. 2009 Jan;81(1):77-81. Epub 2008 Nov 6.

Lyu SY, Rhim JY, Park WB. Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. Arch Pharm Res. 2005 Nov;28(11):1293-301.

Mahmood N, Piacente S, Pizza C, Burke A, Khan AI, Hay AJ. The anti-HIV activity and mechanisms of action of pure compounds isolated from Rosa damascena. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Dec 4;229(1):73-9.

Nair MP, Kandaswami C, Mahajan S, Chadha KC, Chawda R, Nair H, Kumar N, Nair RE, Schwartz SA. The flavonoid, quercetin, differentially regulates Th-1 (IFNgamma) and Th-2 (IL4) cytokine gene expression by normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Dec 16;1593(1):29-36.

Choi HJ, Song JH, Park KS, Kwon DH. Inhibitory effects of quercetin 3-rhamnoside on influenza A virus replication. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2009 Jun 28;37(3-4):329-33. Epub 2009 Mar 14.

Ozcelik B, Orhan I, Toker G. Antiviral and antimicrobial assessment of some selected flavonoids. Z Naturforsch C. 2006 Sep-Oct;61(9-10):632-8.

Vrijsen R, Everaert L, Boeye A. Antiviral activity of flavones and potentiation by ascorbate. J Gen Virol. 1988 Jul;69 ( Pt 7):1749-51.

3. Catechins

Catechins are polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolites, which belong to family of flavonoids. Catechins are found in teas derived from the tea-plant Camellia sinensis and in some cocoas and chocolates made from the seeds of Theobroma cacao. Studies showed that catechins are effective against viruses such as Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), Hepatitis Virus B (HVB), and others. Consider the following studies.

References:

Singal A, Kaur S, Tirkey N, Chopra K. Green tea extract and catechin ameliorate chronic fatigue-induced oxidative stress in mice, J Med Food. 2005 Spring; 8(1):47-52.

Lyu SY, Rhim JY, Park WB. Antiherpetic activities of flavonoids against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. Arch Pharm Res. 2005 Nov;28(11):1293-301.

Choi KC, Jung MG, Lee YH, Yoon JC, Kwon SH, Kang HB, Kim MJ, Cha JH, Kim YJ, Jun WJ, Lee JM, Yoon HG, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, inhibits EBV-induced B lymphocyte transformation via suppression of RelA acetylation. Cancer Res. 2009 Jan 15;69(2):583-92.

Xu J, Wang J, Deng F, Hu Z, Wang H. Green tea extract and its major component epigallocatechin gallate inhibits hepatitis B virus in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2008;78 (3): 242-9.

Lin LC, Kuo YC, Chou CJ. Anti-herpes simplex virus type-1 flavonoids and a new flavanone from the root of Limonium sinense. Planta Med. 2000 May;66(4):333-6.

Chang LK, Wei TT, Chiu YF, Tung CP, Chuang JY, Hung SK, Li C, Liu ST. Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Feb 21;301(4):1062-8.

Isaacs CE, Wen GY, Xu W, Jia JH, Rohan L, Corbo C, Di Maggio V, Jenkins EC Jr, Hillier S. Epigallocatechin gallate inactivates clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Mar;52(3):962-70. Epub 2008 Jan 14.

Furuta T, Hirooka Y, Abe A, Sugata Y, Ueda M, Murakami K, Suzuki T, Tanaka K, Kan T. Concise synthesis of dideoxy-epigallocatechin gallate (DO-EGCG) and evaluation of its anti-influenza virus activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2007 Jun 1;17(11):3095-8. Epub 2007 Mar 16.

Williamson MP, McCormick TG, Nance CL, Shearer WT. Epigallocatechin gallate, the main polyphenol in green tea, binds to the T-cell receptor, CD4: Potential for HIV-1 therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Dec;118(6):1369-74. Epub 2006 Oct 13.

Hamza A, Zhan CG. How can (-)-epigallocatechin gallate from green tea prevent HIV-1 infection? Mechanistic insights from computational modeling and the implication for rational design of anti-HIV-1 entry inhibitors. J Phys Chem B. 2006 Feb 16;110(6):2910-7.

Song JM, Lee KH, Seong BL. Antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. Antiviral Res. 2005 Nov;68(2):66-74. Epub 2005 Aug 9.

Weber JM, Ruzindana-Umunyana A, Imbeault L, Sircar S. Inhibition of adenovirus infection and adenain by green tea catechins. Antiviral Res. 2003 Apr;58(2):167-73.

Fassina G, Buffa A, Benelli R, Varnier OE, Noonan DM, Albini A. Polyphenolic antioxidant (-)-epigallocatechin- 3-gallate from green tea as a candidate anti-HIV agent. AIDS. 2002 Apr 12;16(6):939-41.

Yamaguchi K, Honda M, Ikigai H, Hara Y, Shimamura T. Inhibitory effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Antiviral Res. 2002 Jan;53(1):19-34.

Nakayama M, Suzuki K, Toda M, Okubo S, Hara Y, Shimamura T. Inhibition of the infectivity of influenza virus by tea polyphenols. Antiviral Res. 1993 Aug;21(4):289-99.

Nakane H, Ono K. Differential inhibitory effects of some catechin derivatives on the activities of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and cellular deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acid polymerases. Biochemistry. 1990 Mar 20;29(11):2841-5.

Ho HY, Cheng ML, Weng SF, Leu YL, Chiu DT. Antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Jul 22;57(14):6140-7.

Mori S, Miyake S, Kobe T, Nakaya T, Fuller SD, Kato N, Kaihatsu K. Enhanced anti-influenza A virus activity of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate fatty acid monoester derivatives: effect of alkyl chain length. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008 Jul 15;18(14):4249-52. Epub 2008 Feb 10.

Jariwalla RJ, Roomi MW, Gangapurkar B, Kalinovsky T, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M. Suppression of influenza A virus nuclear antigen production and neuraminidase activity by a nutrient mixture containing ascorbic acid, green tea extract and amino acids. Biofactors. 2007;31(1):1-15.

4. Licorice

Licorice is the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, from which a sweet flavor can be extracted. The licorice plant is a legume (related to beans and peas), native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. Studies showed that glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizic acid have an antiviral effect. Consider the following examples.

References:

Lin JC, Cherng JM, Hung MS, Baltina LA, Baltina L, Kondratenko R. Inhibitory effects of some derivatives of glycyrrhizic acid against Epstein-Barr virus infection: structure-activity relationships. Antiviral Res. 2008;79(1):6-11.

Cao ZX, Zhao ZF, Zhao XF. Effect of compound glycyrrhizin injection on liver function and cellular immunity of children with infectious mononucleosis complicated liver impairment. Chin J Integr Med. 2006 Dec;12(4):268-72.

Kapadia GJ, Azuine MA, Tokuda H, Hang E, Mukainaka T, Nishino H, Sridhar R., Inhibitory effect of herbal remedies on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-promoted Epstein-Barr virus early antigen activation. Pharmacol Res. 2002 Mar;45(3):213-20.

Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Krausse R, Ragazzi E, Pellati D, Armanini D, Bielenberg J Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species. Phytother Res. 2008 Feb;22(2):141-8.

Lin JC. Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizic acid in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2003 Jun;59(1):41-7.

Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet. 2003 Jun 14;361(9374):2045-6.

Harada S. The broad anti-viral agent glycyrrhizin directly modulates the fluidity of plasma membrane and HIV-1 envelope. Biochem J. 2005 Nov 15;392(Pt 1):191-9.

Matsuo K, Takenaka K, Shimomura H, Fujii N, Shinagawa K, Kiura K, Harada M. Lamivudine and glycyrrhizin for treatment of chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus (HBV) hepatitis in a chronic HBV carrier with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2001 Mar;41(1-2):191-5.

Sasaki H, Takei M, Kobayashi M, Pollard RB, Suzuki F. Effect of glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, on HIV replication in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-seropositive patients. Pathobiology. 2002-2003;70(4):229-36.

Badam L. In vitro antiviral activity of indigenous glycyrrhizin, licorice and glycyrrhizic acid (Sigma) on Japanese encephalitis virus. J Commun Dis. 1997 Jun;29(2):91-9.

Wang XQ, Li HY, Liu XY, Zhang FM, Li X, Piao YA, Xie ZP, Chen ZH, Li X. [The anti-respiratory syncytial virus effect of active compound of Glycyrrhiza GD4 in vitro] Zhong Yao Cai. 2006 Jul;29(7):692-4.

Ikeda T, Yokomizo K, Okawa M, Tsuchihashi R, Kinjo J, Nohara T, Uyeda M. Anti-herpes virus type 1 activity of oleanane-type triterpenoids. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005 Sep;28(9):1779-81.

Hoever G, Baltina L, Michaelis M, Kondratenko R, Baltina L, Tolstikov GA, Doerr HW, Cinatl J Jr. Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizic acid derivatives against SARS-coronavirus. J Med Chem. 2005 Feb 24;48(4):1256-9.

Cohen JI. Licking latency with licorice. J Clin Invest. 2005 Mar;115(3):591-3.

Curreli F, Friedman-Kien AE, Flore O. Glycyrrhizic acid alters Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency, triggering p53-mediated apoptosis in transformed B lymphocytes. J Clin Invest. 2005 Mar;115(3):642-52.

Sekizawa T, Yanagi K, Itoyama Y. Glycyrrhizin increases survival of mice with herpes simplex encephalitis. Acta Virol. 2001 Feb;45(1):51-4.

5. Selenium

Selenium (Se) is a micronutrient, or trace element. It is a component of the amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine. It functions as cofactor for reduction of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidases and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase. Many studies report an antiviral effect of selenium. Consider the following examples.

References:

Hurwitz BE, Klaus JR, Llabre MM, Gonzalez A, Lawrence PJ, Maher KJ, Greeson JM, Baum MK, Shor-Posner G, Skyler JS, Schneiderman N. Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral load with selenium supplementation. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jan 22;167(2):148-54.

Schrauzer GN. Effects of selenium and low levels of lead on mammary tumor development and growth in MMTV-infected female mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Dec;125(3):268-75. Epub 2008 Aug 26.

Pan Q, Huang K, He K, Lu F. Effect of different selenium sources and levels on porcine circovirus type 2 replication in vitro. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2008;22(2):143-8. Epub 2008 May 5.

Schrauzer GN. Interactive effects of selenium and cadmium on mammary tumor development and growth in MMTV-infected female mice. A model study on the roles of cadmium and selenium in human breast cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008 Summer;123(1-3):27-34. Epub 2008 Feb 9.

Beck MA. Selenium and vitamin E status: impact on viral pathogenicity. J Nutr. 2007 May;137(5):1338-40.

Wojtowicz H, Kloc K, Maliszewska I, Mlochowski J, Pietka M, Piasecki E. Azaanalogues of ebselen (selenium-containing agents) as antimicrobial and antiviral agents: synthesis and properties. Farmaco. 2004 Nov;59(11):863-8. Azaanalogues of ebselen are selenium-containing agents

Broome CS, McArdle F, Kyle JA, Andrews F, Lowe NM, Hart CA, Arthur JR, Jackson MJ. An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;80(1):154-62.

Beck MA, Levander OA, Handy J. Selenium deficiency and viral infection. J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1463S-7S.

Jian SW, Mei CE, Liang YN, Li D, Chen QL, Luo HL, Li YQ, Cai TY. Influence of selenium-rich rice on transformation of umbilical blood B lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus and Epstein-Barr virus early antigen expression. Ai Zheng. 2003;22(1):26-9.

Zheng S, Zhang C, Li L, Han C, Jing J, Zhu Q. The relationship of cervical cancer with pathogen infectious, cytokine and Se. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi. 2002 Jun;16(2):179-83.

Rayman MP, Rayman MP. The argument for increasing selenium intake. Proc Nutr Soc. 2002 May;61(2):203-15.

Beck MA, Nelson HK, Shi Q, Van Dael P, Schiffrin EJ, Blum S, Barclay D, Levander OA. Selenium deficiency increases the pathology of an influenza virus infection. FASEB J. 2001 Jun;15(8):1481-3.

Patrick L., Nutrients and HIV: part one -- beta carotene and selenium. Altern Med Rev. 1999 Dec;4(6):403-13.

Yu SY, Zhu YJ, Li WG. Protective role of selenium against hepatitis B virus and primary liver cancer in Qidong. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997 Jan;56(1):117-24.